Introduction The global flame-retardant textile market, valued at USD 4.94 billion in 2024, is projected to reach USD 7.61 billion by 2035 (CAGR 4.01%). Conventional flame-retardant (FR) finishes rely on high chemical loading (15–30 wt%) that compromises fabric handle, breathability, and durability. Nanotechnology addresses these limitations by engineering ultra-thin, multifunctional coatings at the fiber surface. …

NFPA 2112, the Standard on Flame-Resistant Clothing for Protection of Industrial Personnel against Short-Duration Thermal Exposures from Fire, outlines minimum performance requirements for garments designed to protect workers from flash fire hazards. One of the critical parameters in this standard is Heat Transfer Performance (HTP). HTP measures the ability of flame-resistant fabrics to resist heat …