Firefighter clothing stands as a crucial line of defense against the intense heat and flames encountered on the front lines. However, the efficacy of thermal protection performance (TPP) in these garments is not immune to the influence of moisture, whether it be from sweat, rain, water spray, or steam. While it is well-established that wet …

The human skin is very sensitive to temperature. When the skin temperature reaches 45°C, the person will have a burning feeling. When the temperature reaches 72°C, it will cause second-degree burns to the skin. Alice Stoll and Maria Chianta in the latter half of 1960s, conducted a series of experiments on live, anesthetized test subjects. …